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rule bound/ˈruːl baʊnd/adjectiveintermediate

Strictly adhering to or constrained by rules, regulations, or procedures, often to the detriment of flexibility or common sense.

The bureaucratic organization was so rule bound that simple requests took weeks to process.

rule-based/ˈruːl.beɪst/adjectiveintermediate

Operating according to a predefined set of logical instructions, criteria, or regulations rather than through intuition, learning, or probabilistic models.

The company implemented a rule-based system to automate the approval process for small loan applications.

ruler/ˈruː.lər/nounbeginner

A straight strip of wood, plastic, or metal marked with units of measurement, used for drawing straight lines or measuring lengths.

She used a plastic ruler to draw a precise margin on her notebook page.

ruminant/ˈruː.mɪ.nənt/nounadvanced

An hoofed, even-toed mammal that chews the cud regurgitated from its rumen, including cattle, sheep, antelopes, deer, giraffes, and camels.

Cows and sheep are typical ruminants that spend hours grazing and chewing.

rumormongering/ˈruːmərˌmɒŋɡərɪŋ/nounadvanced

The act or practice of spreading rumors, gossip, or unverified information, often with the intent to cause mischief or damage reputations.

The company's internal culture was poisoned by constant rumormongering regarding potential layoffs.

run/rʌn/verbbeginner

To move at a speed faster than a walk, never having both or all feet on the ground at the same time.

She likes to run five miles every morning before work.

run away/rʌn əˈweɪ/verbbeginner

To leave a place or person suddenly and without permission; to escape or flee.

The teenager decided to run away from home after a disagreement with his parents.

run down/ˌrʌn ˈdaʊn/adjectiveintermediate

In a poor or neglected state, often referring to buildings or neighborhoods; also used to describe a person who is tired or slightly unwell.

The hotel was situated in a run-down part of the city.

runner/ˈrʌn.ər/nounbeginner

A person who runs, especially as a sport or for exercise.

She is an avid runner who participates in marathons every year.

rupee/ruːˈpiː/nounintermediate

The basic monetary unit of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and several other countries, typically issued as a coin or banknote.

The price of the souvenir was five hundred rupees.

rushed/rʌʃt/adjectivebeginner

Done or completed with great haste; lacking sufficient time or care.

She apologized for the rushed nature of the meeting.

rustic/ˈrʌs.tɪk/adjectiveintermediate

Relating to the countryside; rural; or having a simplicity and charm that is considered typical of the countryside.

They stayed in a charming rustic cabin nestled deep within the pine forest.

rustle/ˈrʌs.əl/verbintermediate

To make a soft, muffled crackling sound like that caused by the movement of dry leaves, paper, or fabric.

The dry leaves began to rustle as the wind picked up in the forest.

rye/raɪ/nounintermediate

A hardy cereal grass widely grown for its grain, used to make flour, bread, beer, and whiskey, and as livestock feed.

Farmers in northern climates often plant rye because it tolerates poor soil and cold weather well.

Saami/ˈsɑːmi/nounintermediate

A member of the indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the Arctic regions of Sápmi, which includes parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia.

The Saami have traditionally relied on reindeer herding as a central part of their cultural identity.

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